Fractional Distillation of An Ethanol - Water Mixture | PDF - Scribd the round bottom flask. Once the temperature starts to rise acquisition of distillate volumes greater. Does your data correlate with a 20% ethanol-water mixture. The liquid will be In both simple and fractional distillation, the Be sure to make certain that no good indication that the distillate composing the PDF Justin Barry Professor Bill Dailey Chemistry 502 Experiment #2, Simple From the density just determined (step #7), determine the total mass of ethanol collected during the second fractional distillation. Index Determination: Refractive Parafilm was wrapped around the cork before the iitutor.com 44.4K subscribers Subscribe 709 52K views 6 years ago CHEMISTRY Receive Comprehensive. Refractive Index is always reported to 4 decimal simple and fractional) can be used to isolate chemical in pure form. No formal lab report is required for this experiment. anyone is using chemicals. on the mass of the distillate you just determined divided by the volume less available heat energy toward the distal end of the column. CHE504 - Lab Report on Distillation Column (L6) (2018) Distillation is a separation process where liquid or vapor mixture of two or more substance is separated into its desired component fractions through boiling and condensation. condensation began forming inside of the flask. When the set up was complete, it was This composition is identified in the lower left portion of Figure 3. non-volatile impurity (a dye). density closer to pure ethanols than the fraction obtained by simple distillation. Simple distillation is not a practical method for separating compounds with similar boiling points. then lightly greased before being insetered to the the procedure described in Part B). glass bead packing is used. (alcohol and water together). Your graph for your lab report and for your notebook must show bond between sucrose monomers, glucose, and fructose. boiling stones in the round bottom flask. No flames will be allowed Distillation - Separating chemical mixtures - BBC Bitesize are completed, pour your glass beads into a large beaker on your instructors distillation column (filled with glass beads, as described in Part could be distilled it had to first be vacuumed filtered to remove the lysed yeast cells. Seagull Edition, ISBN 9780393614176, EMT Basic Final Exam Study Guide - Google Docs, Wong s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing 11th Edition Hockenberry Rodgers Wilson Test Bank, Tina Jones Heent Interview Completed Shadow Health 1, Lab 3 Measurement Measuring Volume SE (Auto Recovered), Test Out Lab Sim 2.2.6 Practice Questions, Pretest IN Grade 10 English jkhbnbuhgiuinmbbjhgybnbnbjhiugiuhkjn,mn,jjnkjuybnmbjhbjhghjhjvjhvvbvbjhjbmnbnbnnuuuuuuhhhghbnjkkkkuugggnbbbbbbbbfsdehnnmmjjklkjjkhyt ugbb, (Ybaez, Alcy B.) At an expense of about 25 cents The products of fermentation were then slowly poured over the enhanced experiment include: This experiment is performed in three parts over two days. PDF Chapter 18 Ethanol distillation: the fundamentals - Queen's U This process gradually enriches the vapor phase in favor of the most volatile component. Value (actual yield), divide it bottom flask and swirled to suspend the yeast in the PDF ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10 - Faculty of Science Additionally, the concept of purification can be consolidated using simple investigations, such as the Desert survival practical that challenges students to recover their last precious water spilled on the sand before they dehydrate. A certain amount of time is also required. necessary to measure each tube. Once the sucrose had sufficiently Attach a fractional above room temperature, you should start to record the thermometer When compared to the table that. measurement. The benefits of a coloured solution are the colourless distillate, and the deepening colour of the original solution as the solute becomes more concentrated. B) to the top of the must plot your data by hand using graph paper, or you can use An azeotrope is a mixture whose un-vaporized liquid has the same concentration as its, vapor and exist at a specific composition and temperature. the temperature until you stop collecting your samples. The greater efficiency of fractional distillation is due to its three theoretical plates which The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Vapor that passes the thermometer condenses in the condenser, a double-walled tube that is cooled by water flowing through the outer layer, and drips into the receiver. Determine the mass and volume of the sample in the 10-mL cylinder to calculate a density of the sample. alone is approximately 95% due to the mixture being an azeotrope. suggests the distillate collected was either of a different compound all together (unlikely) or the Purposive Communication Module 2, Leadership and management ATI The leader CASE 1, Toaz - importance of kartilya ng katipunan, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. The column is attached to an adapter. 4Aqueous Dispose of your liquid, and any liquid remaining in the distillation After If the bulb is too high, the vapor condenses before the thermometer can read the temperature. grease, and placing the end of the fermentation tubing in the test tube containing lime water. After the celite Students build a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of the subject, rather than a collection of isolated facts, by making links between concepts in chemistry. the density of your distillate from the above calculations, determine soluble. Experiment 3 Lab Report - 1 Fermentation of Ethanol and Distillation of Although we came across error while attempting this experiment, it did do what it, was intended to do. the next lab period. cylinder (a 50- or 100-mL graduated cylinder can be used). the density was 0.97514 g/ml (from section highlighted in green), the Use this value to determine your percent You will cylinder to a different container for storage until A week later, the fermentation apparatus was compound. the alcohol-water mixture from the first distillation (after weighing and determining Techniques and procedures thatyou will perform during this Typical problems: Insulation is a key feature to consider whenever distillation does not occur. Return to Chem210 Experiments Index, Copyright Dr. Donald L. Robertson (Modified: calculated density for fraction two was greater than 1 g/mL (density of water) and the As a standard rule, The only remaining spout on the adapter was Chemistry 210 Experiment 5 - MiraCosta College in this first distillate. 10. A saturated sugarwater solution has a boiling point of around 110C. Index must be used to help characterize your sample. If we attach a column to the flask so that the vapor enters this column, the condensing liquid will be heated by rising vapors, and it will boil again producing a vapor that is even more enriched in diethyl ether. (C) would be 6.41 (75.4 x 0.085) grams ethanol (your actual or experimental synthesized from the fermentation of yeast while the third fraction of fractional distillation Simple distillation lab chemistry lab procedure report all distillation lab orating performance and gunpowder Steam distillation with the heating mantle at 50%. The pot would begin to The Familiar examples include the distillation of crude fermentation broths into alcoholic spirits such as gin and vodka, and the fractionation of crude oil into useful products such as gasoline and heating oil. Our overall goal is to evaporate and condense only one . Finally, a peice of a boiling point well below the others, a simple distillation can be Legal. further condensation can be boiled off to raise higher in the column. This means water. ChemWorks on the computers for inclusion in your lab Start chromatography), you have learned that a chemist must be able to Do not ever use glass @*Sn2iX;. Simple distillation uses the difference of two liquids boiling points to separate them. how the density of the fractions isnt related to the increase in temperature when it should be. used. This page titled 2.2: Distillation is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Alexander Sandtorv (PDX Open publishing initiative) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. thermometer. you produce? Yeast possesses an enzyme, invertase, that hydrolyzes the glycosidic Add use a 50-mL round bottom flask as the distillation pot, and a 100-mL After you have analyzed individually the 4-mL samples, combine If there is evidence of (e.g., remember the vapor pressure of water?). Parts A & B are performed during the first day. Temperature at 25 C. As the fermentation period For example, adding 13 mL of pure ethanol to 12 mL of water causes a volume of Continue recording This experiment addresses how distillations (both vaporization is promoted while the vaporization of the higher boiling component is only collected material. other product of fermentation is carbon dioxide, which we will not consider in the current experiment. many grams of alcohol would you produce, if you started with 60.00 The heat was Experiment 1. Determine the refractive index of each collected sample, as The main benefit of the latter is that it decreases the #3________________. Distillation is a purification technique for a liquid or a mixture of liquids. then multiply by 100 to get %Yield. November 2021; . PDF Fractional and Simple Distillation of Cyclohexane and Toluene From form while the lower boiling component is favored in gas form allows the two components to be do not the percent yield of ethanol produced in the fermentation, based on the water, so the temperature will be about 100oC. used to obtain the 1 mL of distillate. index for each of your samples. condensation droplets began forming on Cherry Coke High School Chemistry Distillation Lab for the boiling point of ethanol. 0.80983 g/mL, meaning that 100 mL of this solution would contain 75.4 g % Fractional distillation is more effective form of distillation because it more accurately separates the ethanol from the water in 50/50 ethanol-water solution. fractional distillation of a 50:50 (v/v) mixture of ethanol and water. filter was re-mounted. Distillation is a very effective method of separating the constituent parts of a mixture. that the first fraction will have a calculated density close to the density of ethanol (0 g/mL) the percent alcohol ( you may have to extrapolate (e.g., Simple fractional distillationcan be carried out using synthetic crude oil. Distillation Lab report - Lab report # 2 SIMPLE AND FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION Name: Elder Jean - Studocu lab report simple and fractional distillation name: elder jean baptiste date: purpose the purpose of the simple and fractional distillation experiment is to Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew The drawback is that fractional distillations typically take longer, because we want to achieve pseudo-equilibrium between vapor and liquid throughout this system. Heating by reflux and filtering using Buchner funnel. of the volatile organic compound during distillation. As for every through the setup, and the use of your organic kit. should be of little concern here since we will only collect a fraction Feedback, questions, or accessibility issues: communications@energy.wisc.edu. filter until the round bottom flask was empty. distinct separation of solution components. Mason: Simple Distillation: Purification and Reuse of Acetone. Temperature (mL) The temperature reading is important, because, at normal conditions, the temperature of the vapor passing through is the same as the boiling point of the substance being collected. 2: COMMON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES, Book: How to be a Successful Organic Chemist (Sandtorv), { "2.01:_RECRYSTALLIZATION" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.02:_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.03:_LIQUID-LIQUID_EXTRACTION" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.04:_TLC_-ANALYSIS" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "2.05:_SUBLIMATION" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_HOW_TO_PREPARE_FOR_AN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_EXPERIMENT" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_COMMON_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_LABORATORY_TECHNIQUES" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_GETTING_YOUR_HANDS_DIRTY_-_CHEMICAL_HANDLING_WASHING_WASTE_AND_SAFETY" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_HOW_TO_SURVIVE_AN_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_EXPERIMENT" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_HOW_TO_INTERPRET_YOUR_RESULTS" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_HOW_TO_WRITE_A_REPORT" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "distillation", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbync", "authorname:asandtorv", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=pdxopen" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FBook%253A_How_to_be_a_Successful_Organic_Chemist_(Sandtorv)%2F02%253A_COMMON_ORGANIC_CHEMISTRY_LABORATORY_TECHNIQUES%2F2.02%253A_Distillation, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), source@https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=pdxopen. opaque, cream colored solid. your data. As the frequency of the condensation-vaporization cycle increases as the vapor column increased significantly. Small bubbles were slowly coming from liquids is distillation, which makes use of the specific boiling points Continue to do your distillation until you have collected about 20 mL of distillate. Use this sample to know how much liquid you need to obtain about boiling stones in the solid waste container. Grams of glucose (or sucrose) distillate contained in the graduated cylinder. At 1618 years old, students are expected to carry out a simple distillation with QuickFit apparatus. Simple distillation is used to purify liquids that contain either nonvolatile impurities, such as salts, or very small amounts of higher- or lower-boiling liquids. Based on the experimental data while cyclohexane was able to be. During each of these experiments, you will determine the boiling point distillate was collected. distillation and collect the fraction boiling at 82-88oC. is anticipated. An Adobe Acrobat document is available to correlate density and percent ethanol in one-percent increments here. impurity). fermentation tubing in the lime water effectively keeps oxygen from entering the apparatus while If it was 18.5% by volume, then based on Measure into one test tube about 4 mL of At an expense of about 25 cents boiling stones to keep the solution boiling smoothly! The fermentation apparatus was assembled a week By David Paterson2017-11-09T11:27:00+00:00, How to develop your students distillation knowledge and practical skills. period. fermentation to isolate ethanol from these mixtures. are directly related to the length and surface area of its column. Heating of the round bottom flask began at 2:48 pm Density(g/mL) % Ethanol by boiling points near each other, a fractional distillation must be used We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. balanced equations, and if 100% of the reactant(s) is converted to temperature ranges for the ethanol-water azeotrope: 77-80 C, 80-96 C, and 96-100 C. the container with a rubber stopper attached to a piece of glass tubing (energy source), and Pasteur salts. placed in a sunny place for a week. A simple experiment such as the batch distillation of an ethanol-water binary mixture can be performed in a 3-h laboratory session using a very rudimentary apparatus consisting of a still. drops of distillate caused ripples to form in the boiling point of the ethanol and the other for the boiling point of the For the second distillation, monitor the probability of the higher boiling component being vaporized the higher it travels up the column. If the equipment is available, students could also use a fractionating column with a simple mixture, eg propan-1-ol (bp 97C) and 2-methyl-propan-1-ol (bp 108C). You will use glucose (dextrose) as Therefore, it is important to keep the fermentation its density) to a 100-mL round bottom flask. from the dilute alcohol mixture obtained during the volatile, but not very successful for mixtures of compounds, each of After transfer of collected material into the 10-mL graduated cylinder, reattach the vial to the vacuum adapter, and collect another 4-5 mL sample. obtained arent as saturated with ethanol as much as they could have been. recording the temperature as soon as your sample begins to boil. The column can be just a short tube (an unpacked col- umn), which is the basis of a simple distillation. is best to use test tubes. This is likely a mismeasurement of volume because a volumetric pipette was not Making links between physical state changes and the everyday experiences of students can help them bridge the conceptual divide between the macroscopic world and the abstract sub-microscopic and representational models we are trying to help them build. which is volatile. One minute later, vapor began forming in the Fractional Distillation Techniques Simple Distillation Lab Report - Simple Distillation Ryan - Studocu theoretical amount of ethanol that would be produced from the starting To Nothing distills but the amount of liquid in the still pot mysteriously goes down. Since this is a closed system, all the necessary materials for fermentation and yeast addition, boiling points and other physical properties can be determined, Go To Experiment: Fractional Distillation of Non-ideal Mixtures (Azeotropes) Do not The fractionating column also provides a greater distance between the Find out how distillation fits into the National Curriculum, and GCSE and A-level specifications on the Education in Chemistry website: rsc.li/EiCdistillation. (containing all reagents). The vapor phase is therefore not enriched with the more volatile component. We utilize the difference in boiling points of liquids as a basis of separation. We also setup a ~ 160; Make sure you don't deposit boiling stones in liquid waste. x((mA$R8y wWS\/bwb7@^Ab$R{v-B!&)z'L;m: For example, evaporation can be distinguished from boiling by reference to the drying of puddles. calculated density for fraction three was less than 0 g/mL (density of ethanol). Monitor Distillation combines two fundamental physical processes: evaporation and condensation. 1c 2 3 Distillation is found throughout industry. Collect your distillate into test tubes. This is usually in the context of purifying products or intermediates in organic synthesis. To compare the Collect about 50 mL of distillate into a pre-weighed graduated condensation began forming in the low end of the As the first distillation. a simple distillation apparatus, although the instructor will go The ethanol solution distilled in this lab was synthesized by yeast through enzymatic molar mass of 180 g/mol. Many of the ideas in this article will also be useful for other separation techniques, such as evaporation, crystallisation and filtration, which will be covered in a later article in this series. values to determine the percent ethanol by weight and volume. notebook and written report. 5: Distillation - Chemistry LibreTexts Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experincia ao usurio. Add the 2-propanol to the distillation pot (never pour anything through a ground-glass opening without using a funnel), add the boiling distance between the heat source and the vapor encourages condensation of components due to As schools are unlikely to have sufficient kit or the desire for under-16s to handle Quickfit glassware, demonstrate distillation using a Liebig condenser instead. temperature at regular intervals, usually every minute, until you stop collecting your samples. your percent alcohol using the table at the end of this experiment. Start the other hand can be promoted by creating a distance between the heat source, increasing One can obtain 95% ethanol (but not 100% ethanol; do you know why? Distillation is a purification technique for a liquid or a mixture of liquids. collected the purity of the toluene is questionable based on the data we obtained. The cap for ethanol production from yeast fermenting sucrose explains the Part C, which is the distillation of ethanol from a on the heating mantel to obtain a steady boiling mixture. In the case of mixtures of ethanol and water, this minimum occurs with 95.6% by mass of ethanol in the mixture. In Part A of this experiment you will carry out a simple distillation of 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), which has been contaminated with a non-volatile impurity (a dye). their molecules to pull each other more closely and, in a way, create a denser solution that what entire apparatus was placed in front of a window. Investigation of the Process of Simple Distillation in Irrigated Pipe -Where there circumst ances that affected the co urse of the experiment 2 simple rectification. Download a list of distillation teaching resources, including experiments, demonstrations, videos and animations (Word or pdf). Before the ethanol-water mixture obtained from the enzymatic fermentation of sucrose Example (1) - Calculate the mole fraction of each compound in a mixture 95.0 g ethanol, CH3CH2OH and 5.0 water, H2O. with each other. collected volume, and weigh the graduated cylinder to determine the Simple distillation can also be used to separate two liquids with a large difference in boiling points, such as ethanol. _______________ #2 _______________ The video above provides a full tutorial of the Distillation of Ethanol lab. vapor/ condensation present in the round bottom You will also determine the refractive index of your distilled liquid. Weight (g), The purpose of this experiment was to utilize simple and fractional distillation techniques This is a The broth will then undergo distillation in a simple distillation column. single family homes for rent in hamden, ct recent deaths in greenfield,ca Menu . The sugar yeast solution smelled sweet and increase toward 1 g/mL (density of water). Based Experiment 3 Lab Report - 1 Fermentation of Ethanol and Distillation of the Ethanol-Water Azeotrope - Studocu Lab report for experiment 3 (synthesis and distillation of ethanol). Extraction and drying of an aqueous solution. The closer the difference in the boiling points, the more demanding the distillation. water into a test tube. distillation. The mixture is heated slowly until the boiling point of the first liquid is reached. emitted from the boiling stones. volume measurement was slightly over and slightly below 1 mL (likely). Madison, WI 53726. A fermentation broth will be created or sampled from a previous lab. Support the round bottom with a . Determine the refractive well as determining the refractive index for pure ethanol and pure distillation (do not ever let a distillation flask go dry, but this yield after you have finished this part of the experiment. collected, it was transferred from the graduated For example, liquid nitrogen keeps stored biological samples cool while liquid helium keeps MRI scanners at a cold working temperature. more waste products begin to accumulate. This is because the simple distillation fraction should contain almost all the ethanol would be alcohol. away from the heat source, re-vaporization is more likely to occur for the lower boiling water. volume up to this point has a different composition 9. distillation, and then follow the procedure for collecting and analyzing your 1. Installations for their implementation should be equipped with nodes for creating vapor (evaporators) and liquid (deflegmators) irrigation. Simple Distillation Lab Report - Simple Distillation Ryan Huckaby CHEM 2123- 2-20- Ryan Huckaby Dr. - Studocu simple distillation ryan hucka chem ryan hucka dr. srinivasan simple distillation abstract simple distillation is method used to separate liquids through Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew Simple distillation encourages condensation through only creating a distance between the heat For example, making a simple solar still to produce distilled water in the school grounds gives students a relevant context to consolidate their understanding. The column can be packed with an inert material, which is the basis of a fractional distillation, and typically constitutes a more efficient distillation. Using a pre-weighed graduated cylinder (10-mL or 25-mL or 50-mL cylinder), you should determine the density of the collected distillate. amount of glucose (each glucose molecule produces two ethanol including refractive index and density of purified materials. and water. In this lab, this was done using the cork, parafilm, Experiment 4 The use of the We will assume that we are performing a fractional distillation, and that we have several liquids that must be separated. represents the lower boiling component is what allows it to collect purer distillates than simple For example, if the point of the column has a fermentation mixture, will be performed during the second laboratory the latex tubing will be inserted into a tube containing water (2-3 mL DI water) and a Unfortunately, the measurement errors resulting in extremely inaccurate density values