Why did scientists want to be able to clone cells for research? 4. 2. What motivated Michael Rogers to find the Lacks family? Davons mother. Do you think Henrietta would have given explicit consent to have a tissue sample used in medical research if she had been asked? What physical ailments did Deborah suffer from as a result of the excitement and stress of seeing her mothers cells for the first time, and learning about Elsie? 9. Did researchers explain why they wanted DNA samples to the Lacks family? How can you tell that Elsies photograph and autopsy are deeply troubling to Deborah? 11. Explain how the action against Southam and Mandel led to the development of informed consent forms as a standard medical practice. Within a few years, a company named Microbiological Associates would begin selling HeLa for profit.1952 Scientists use HeLa cells to help develop the polio vaccine.1953 HeLa cells become the first cells ever cloned.1954 The pseudonym Helen Lane first appears in print as the source of HeLa cells.1954 Chester Southam begins to conduct experiments without patient consent to see whether or not injections of HeLa cells could cause cancer.1957 The term informed consent first appears in court documents.1965 HeLa cells are fused with mouse cells, creating the first animal-human hybrid cells.1965 The Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York finds Southam and a colleague guilty of unprofessional conduct and calls for stricter guidelines regarding human research subjects and informed consent.1966 To ensure adherence to the new guidelines for research involving human subjects, the National Institutes of Health begins requiring the approval of Institutional Review Boards for any research they fund.1966 Gartler drops the HeLa Bomb and proposes that HeLa cells have contaminated numerous cell lines.1970 George Gey dies of pancreatic cancer.1971 In a tribute to Gey, Henrietta Lacks is correctly identified for the first time in print as the source of HeLa.1973 The Lacks family learns for the first time that Henriettas cells are still alive.1973 Researchers from Johns Hopkins take samples from Henriettas children to further HeLa research, without informed consent.1974 The Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (the Common Rule) requires informed consent for all human-subject research.1975 Michael Rogers publishes an article about HeLa and the Lacks family in Rolling Stone. 3. She recovers well and is determined to learn more about her mother, but she doesn't have the money to continue with school. 9. What did Stanley Gartler discover about eighteen of the most commonly used cell cultures? The author uses several similes to describe cells. Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (e.g., a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole. This section became known as Lacks Town.Alfred Cheetah CarterDeborahs first husband. Explain the Hayflick limit. Cootie seems to know and understand a little bit about HeLa cells, but he believes that Henriettas spirit is still present in her cells. Chapter 37. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. Emanuel Mandel director of medicine at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital (JCDH) who partnered with Southam in unethical experiments. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Suffering | Shmoop Explain how Geys rollertube culturing technique works. 3. What reason did Ethel and Galen give for moving in with Day after Henriettas death? WebNeed help with Chapter 34: The Medical Records in Rebecca Skloot's The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks? Explain your answer. (one code per order). 14. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. When Rebecca Skloot and Deborah Lacks visit the center to find out what became of Elsie, they learn of terrible patient abuse and neglect at the institution, including scientific research without consent, which resulted in permanent brain damage and paralysis for many patients, possibly including Elsie. A lay preacher, he performed a faith healing on Deborah. What did they want Joe to do? Gary tells Deborah that her quest to find out about Elsie and Henrietta has been a way of honoring her mother. Explain what he means by saying this. Chapter Eight: A Miserable Specimen 1. 8. When did the doctors realize that Henrietta had been correct about the growth of her cancer? Reverend James Pullum Deborahs second ex-husband, a former steel-mill worker who became a preacher. A sample of her cancerous tissue, taken without her knowledge or consent, as was the custom then, turned out to provide one of the holy grails of mid-century biology: human cells that could survive--even thrive--in the lab. Here's what you'll find in our full The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks summary : An avid reader for as long as she can remember, Rinas love for books began with The Boxcar Children. This section depicts the central injustice faced by the Lacks family: their foremother's cells were taken without their consent and enabled many of the medical miracles of the 21st century, but they cannot afford health insurance. From a single, abbreviated life grew a seemingly immortal line of cells that made some of the most crucial innovations in modern science possible. She was a trained surgical nurse. She was institutionalizeddue to epilepsy and died at age fifteen.Gladys LacksHenriettas sister, who disapproved of Henriettas marriage to DayJohnny PleasantHenriettas father. What are the connotations of the term home-house? 5. Describe the contribution that HeLa has made to research on the HIV virus and the AIDS epidemic. Why would HeLa contamination be a problem for researchers? 2. The marriage was abusive and ended in divorce.Alfred Jr.Deborah and Cheetahs firstborn child and Little Alfreds fatherBobette Lacks Lawrences wife. Why did Ted Slavin start Essential Biologicals? In what specific ways did the media influence the publics perception of cell hybrids? Consider Deborahs comment on page 276: Like Im always telling my brothers, if you gonna go into history, you cant do it with a hate attitude. Chapter Thirty-Six: Heavenly Bodies 1. Please wait while we process your payment. Delancey discusses one specific example at length: Danvers State Hospital in Massachusetts. Did Gey benefit or profit in any way from his participation in the research studies? How did this abuse affect him? Analyze the books structure by comparing it to a work of fiction or a film that uses the structure of a frame narrative. 3. Learn about the short and tragic life of Elsie Lacks, Crownsville and its atrocities, and how the records were found. Deborah shows him the photo of Elsie from Crownsville, and Gary is shocked. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Moreover, her son Alfred is going to trial right after the conference. What specific things did Deborah ask Skloot to promise she would do? 9. Describe the abuse that Joe suffered under Ethels care. As Skloot tenaciously worked to gain Deborahs trust, Deborah struggled to understand what had happened to her mother and her mothers cells. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 34: The Discuss the ethical implications of, and inherent irony in, the way the television episode presented the story, in light of the fact that neither Skloot nor any member of the Lacks family was consulted about or credited by the producers of the episode. She lives in Chicago. Crazy Joe Grinnan Henriettas cousin who competed unsuccessfully with Day for her affection. Why did researchers want DNA samples from Henriettas family? He ended up abusing Deborah.Gary LacksGladyss son and Deborahs cousin. Explain your answer. What do the Lackses believe night doctors do? 2. Eliza Lacks Explain how Henriettas real name became public knowledge. In your own words, explain the paradox benevolent deception. 4. Patients with all sorts of diagnosesfrom dementia and TB to low self-esteemwere grouped together in airless rooms, and many patients had to share beds, sleeping head to toe on twin mattresses. How was Cootie related to Henrietta? 10. Although a right to privacy is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the Supreme Court has established that it is inherently protected by the Constitution. Analyze how and why individuals, events, or ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. He organizes a yearly HeLa conference at Morehouse in Henriettas honor.Stanley Gartlerthe geneticist who dropped the HeLa bomb when he proposed that many of the most commonly used cell cultures had been contaminated by HeLaSusan Hsuthe postdoctoral student in Victor McKusicks lab who was assigned to make contact with the Lackses and request samples from them for genetic testing without informed consentVictor McKusickgeneticist at Johns Hopkins who conducted research on samples taken from Henriettas children without informed consent to learn more about HeLa cellsWalter Nelson-Reesthe geneticist who tracked and published the names of cell lines contaminated with HeLa without first warning the researchers he exposed. Summarize the events in Deborahs life leading up to her initial contact with Rebecca Skloot. In the picture, Elsie is screaming and crying, her head held in place against height measurements on a wall by a white staff member at the Hospital for Negro Insane. Next, Deborah and Rebecca undertake a mission to figure out what happened to Deborah's sister Elsie. Because his lab is located at Hopkins, they walk past the same statue of Jesus that their mother walked past on her way to treatment for cancer. Our mission is organizing and providing access to quality information resources that inspire curiosity, creativity, and innovation throughout the TCU community, while offering exceptional service and surroundings that nurture our students. AAR has received 3. Henrietta tells the rest of her family about her illness. Want to know what people are actually reading right now? What did Deborah hope would happen as a result of Skloots research about Henrietta? Summarize the various ways that HeLa was used in the space program. What specific request did Gey make prior to going into surgery? Then Fred, Cootie, and Day all die as well. Describe the relationship between Crazy Joe and Henrietta. When Henriettas story first appeared in the mainstream media in 1976, many viewed it as one of race and racism. What constitutes ethical journalism? May 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 He showed them the freezer where HeLa samples were kept and noted that the HeLa contamination seemed like poetic justice for sciences mistreatment of the Lacks family. Chapter Nine: Turner Station 1. Chapter 38. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. The questions in the final section, Topics for Further Discussion, require students to expand their thinking and engage in significant research activities related to subjects or issues raised in the book. Rebecca tells Gary that she has a song from the previous night stuck in her head, and Gary says that this is God trying to tell her something. Google 6. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. The description His light brown face had grown tough with age, cracked but soft, like a pair of wellworn work boots, conveys a strong impression of Day Lacks. At the end of the day, when they had checked into their hotel rooms, Deborah brought Skloot Henriettas medical records. We are experiencing technical difficulties. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. Based on the descriptions of Gey found on pages 3839, offer three adjectives that best describe his personality. Chapter Four: The Birth of HeLa 1. Zakariyya uses the term disrespect to describe Geys treatment of Henrietta and the family. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions What information about the Lackses was published by McKusick and Hsu? 4. Contact us Some rooms had drains on the floor rather than toilets. In 1992, African Rebecca is stunned, but the scene is so sincere and moving. The next day, Skloot and Deborah went to Crownsville to see if they could find any record of what happened to Elsie. Elsie Lacks Describe the attempts Wyche made to get recognition for Henrietta and her family. 7. Even more miraculously, there was a record for Elsie Lacks. Did the family give informed consent for the research done on those samples? 3. Between 1967 and 1976, the journal appeared under the She was institutionalized due to epilepsy and died at age fifteen. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. She has worked as a correspondent for NPRs Radiolab and PBSs NOVA scienceNOW, and is a contributing editor at Popular Science magazine and guest editor of The Best American Science Writing 2011. What does Deborahs comment to Lurz that if you gonna go into history, you cant do it with a hate attitude tell you about the type of person she is? 5. Lacks We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Its a story inextricably connected to the dark history of experimentation on African Americans, the birth of bioethics, and the legal battles over whether we control the stuff were made of. Where does Cootie think Henriettas cancer came from? He was the first journalist to contact the Lackses. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks: Sonny and Lawrence repeat the refrain Thats a miracle, when discussing the scientific advances made possible by their mothers cells. She died when Henrietta was four.Gladys LacksHenriettas sister, who disapproved of Henriettas marriage to DayJohnny PleasantHenriettas father. Why do you think Deborah eventually decided to talk with Skloot? Instead, she focuses on getting her grandchildren educated. 4. 5. The hospital was grossly understaffed, and often housed abusive adults in with children. 7. Since every human being is made up of cells, Deborah and other members of the Lacks family treat Henrietta's cells as though she was a person. John Moore cancer patient who unsuccessfully sued his doctor and the regents of the University of California over the use of his cells to create the Mo cell line. Web3. 3. Describe the experiment that Southam developed to test his hypothesis about HeLa. What does this allusion suggest about the tension between scientific discovery, and public perception and fear of such discoveries? Writing Prompts are thematic and organized in sections that may be of special interest to the disciplines of language arts, social studies, and science. 6. Who is Franklin Salisbury Jr., and why did he contact Deborah? Were cells taken only from black patients? 6. Using her summary as an outline, examine the evolution of laws concerning tissue research and write a persuasive paper on the issue of whether or not people should be given legal ownership of, and/or control over, their tissues. Why do you think Deborah breaks out in hives after visiting Crownsville and giving Skloot access to the medical records? 5. Michael Rogers Rolling Stone reporter who wrote an article about the Lacks family in 1976. Additionally, given the medical miracles accomplished with Henrietta's cells, Gary believes that Henrietta was an angel or spiritual being sent by God. 2. 2. Literature and Culture of the Modern Language Association, the Based on her medical chart, how would you describe Henriettas feelings about doctors? Roland Pattillo professor of gynecology at Morehouse School of Medicine who was one of George Geys only African American students. In your analysis, make sure to reference specific revealing passages. Dont have an account? The soul cleansing in Chapter 35 and Gary's description of the meaning of Henrietta's contribution in Chapter 36 show that their religious faith and their understanding of science is interconnected. Assess how point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text. Is their belief based on real events? 6. 7. WebSkloot and Deborah spent days together just talking about Henrietta and getting used to each other. 2. As a high school student, Skloot began researching HeLa cells to find out more about Henrietta Lacks. What obstacle kept Deborah from realizing her dream of returning to school? What conclusion did they draw about George Gey and Johns Hopkins? Hopkins Fulfillment Services (HFS) Free trial is available to new customers only. The two women drive to Crownsville, which was formerly known as the Hospital for the Negro Insane. Craft and Structure Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language of a court opinion differs from that of a newspaper). As Rebecca is going through Elsie's medical records, she identifies a term that Deborah asks Rebecca not to put in the book. The report itself revealed that Elsie was diagnosed with idiocy likely because she and/or her mother was syphilitic, and that, for six months prior to her death, shed forced herself to vomit by sticking her fingers down her throat. Why did Deborah decide to go see her mothers cells? Chapter Twelve: The Storm 1. Chapter Thirty-Three: The Hospital for the Negro Insane 1. It was also reported she was epileptic, as well as suffering from neural syphilis. Describe the relationship between Deborah and her grandson Davon. Michael Gold author of a Conspiracy of Cells. 2. LibGuides: The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks: About the Book 6. Start earning points for buying books! Board Certification. Plant-Based Diet and Weight Loss: Do Veggies Work? Click here for a photograph exibit featuring Crownsville Hospital Center. Lacks Chapter Thirty-Five: Soul Cleansing 1. He organizes a yearly HeLa conference at Morehouse in Henriettas honor. What did some family members think was the real reason Ethel moved in? 2. Were black patients generally treated differently from white patients in the early 1950s? Why do you think they were willing to sacrifice to help her? Why did he win the Nobel Prize? From a scientific perspective, it seems peculiar to think of the cells as human, since they cannot see or think or feel. WebThe records MDHHS maintains are limited to services provided by MDHHS programs. What do the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Mississippi Appendectomies suggest about the history of African Americans and medicine? 4. Want 100 or more? 5. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas. What important information did Henriettas doctor fail to give her before starting her cancer treatment? What questions does Deborah have about her mother? 9. 5. 2. Using the history of Turner Station as a model, discuss the role that the oil, automotive, steel, and coal industries have played, and continue to play, in shaping the landscape of the United States. Describe how Deborah found out about her mothers painful death. 5. How does Deborah respond when Skloot suggests photocopying some of Henriettas records? 6. 8. Compare the connotations of the name Crownsville with the name Hospital for the Negro Insane. What do you think the directors were trying to achieve when they renamed the facility? Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to provide a complex analysis; provide an objective summary of the text. Craft and Structure Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone. What crime did Joe commit? The television show Law & Order produced an episode titled Immortal that closely parallels many aspects of Skloots book. Henrietta went to her house after radiation treatments at Johns Hopkins.Reverend James PullumDeborahs second ex-husband, a former steel-mill worker who became a preacherSadie SturdivantMargarets sister, Henriettas cousin and confidante, she supported Henrietta during her illness. Does Deborah agree with him? Renews May 8, 2023 Instant PDF downloads. Although most of Crownsvilles medical records from between 1910 and the late fifties had been destroyedthe documents had become contaminated with asbestosLurz had saved some clothbound books full of autopsy reports. Chapter Eighteen: Strangest Hybrid 1. How was Day related to Henrietta? Why did Henriettas doctors need to ask for her familys permission to remove tissue samples after her death? 4. McLaren Pain Management Center. Lengauer points out that scientists need to be careful when handling the HeLa cells to avoid releasing them, and Deborah asks if this is related to the contamination problem, which impresses Lengauer. 13. The Lacks Legacy: Reforming Racism in the Medical Field She could have had a stroke. Request Permissions, Published By: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Deborah is relieved. How did Day, Sonny, and Lawrence respond to Joes crime? WebHenrietta Lacks by foregrounding Elsie, whose absent presence appears in only twelve to fifteen pages of the entire book, even though her story offers a powerful indictment of the What do the names of the creek and the river suggest about life in Lacks Town? Lengauer thanked them for coming and acknowledged how difficult it must have been for Deborah and Zakariyya to come into a Hopkins lab. He left his ten children when their mother died.Lawrence LacksHenrietta and Days firstborn childLoretta PleasantHenriettas birth nameTommy LacksHenrietta and Days grandfather who raised both of themZakariyya Bari Abdul Rahman (born Joe Lacks)Henrietta and Days fifth child. Why is it important to approach history from an objective point of view? Deborah submitted a request to have copies made of Elsie Lacks medical records, and Lurz left Skloot and Deborah with some archival documents to look through while he made the copies. 13. What were some of Deborahs fears and concerns after she found out that her mothers cells were still alive? How did Bobette find out about HeLa? Soon, a simple urine test, with examination of collected cells, may be the new standard for bladder cancer testing, replacing the invasive and often painful tests currently used. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Chapter Sixteen: Spending Eternity in the Same Place 1. 2. It is given the name HeLa after the first two initials of Henriettas first and last names.1951 Henrietta Lacks dies of an unusually aggressive strain of cervical cancer.1952 HeLa cells become the first living cells shipped via postal mail.1952 The Tuskegee Institute opens the first HeLa factory, supplying cells to laboratories and researchers and operating as a nonprofit. 3. The details were harrowing. 3. Deborah is prepared, however, and hands him legal documents showing her relationship to Elsie. Before her death, she received treatment in a segregated colored ward at Johns Hopkins, the only hospital in Baltimore that would treat black patients. Gary Lacks Gladys son and Deborahs cousin. Based on the objective details in her medical chart, what can you infer about Henriettas life and personality? Henrietta was diagnosed withcervical cancer shortly after his birth.Extended Lacks FamilyAlbert Lacks Henriettas white great-grandfather. Alexis Carrel French surgeon and Nobel Prize recipient who claimed to have cultured immortal chicken-heart cells. What are the connotations of the two sets of terms? for a group? The Journals Division publishes 85 journals in the arts and humanities, technology and medicine, higher education, history, political science, and library science. Shortform has the world's best summaries of books you should be reading. 2. What scientific discoveries were made possible as a result of fused hybrid cells? He also believed that the family should be entitled to some of the profit made from HeLa cells. A few months after, Rebecca attends the baptism of Sonny's granddaughter LaBrea. 2. This institution was opened as an insane asylum in 1878, and was closed to patients in 1992. Now she worried that perhaps Elsie had been used for medical She was a black woman, who had cervical cancer growing in her cervix. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. Chapter Fifteen: Too Young to Remember 1. Explain your answer. Deborah says that she's amazed that all those cells are her mother. What effect did her research have on her? What was Henriettas final request? 5. Why didnt Henriettas family know that her cells were still alive? George Gey head of tissue-culture research at Johns Hopkins. Contrast the experience Henriettas great-grandchildren, Alfred and Davon, have at the Maryland Science Center with the experience Deborah, Sonny, and Lawrence had growing up. How does Skloot use transitions to develop continuity between sections that do not appear in chronological order? 4. What does Skloot realize after watching the BBC documentary about HeLa? He left his ten children when their mother died.Lawrence LacksHenrietta and Days firstborn childLoretta PleasantHenriettas birth nameTommy LacksHenrietta and Days grandfather who raised both of themZakariyya Bari Abdul Rahman (born Joe Lacks) Henrietta and Days fifth child. Cast of CharactersImmediate Lacks FamilyDavid Day LacksHenriettas husband and cousinDavid Jr. Sonny LacksHenrietta and Days third childDeborah Dale LacksHenrietta and Days fourth childElsie Lacks (born Lucille Elsie Pleasant)Henriettas second born and eldest daughter. Deborah feels possessive of Henriettas records because theyre all she has left of her mothera tragic but understandable confession. Why is the fact that the Lacks family cannot get health insurance an example of irony? 5. Your email address will not be published. Alfred Jr. Deborah and Cheetahs firstborn child and little Alfreds father. 3. 3. 6. About the Guide The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks contains three main narratives, each with unique applications to the disciplines of language arts, history, and science. Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers. Chapter Twenty: The HeLa Bomb 1. Deborah submitted a written request for a photocopy of Elsies autopsy report. Since everybody benefits, everybody can accept the small risks of having their tissue scraps used in research. However, in a profit-driven health care system, all citizens do not have equal access to the treatments and medications made possible by tissue and cell research. She is the Founder and President of the Henrietta Lacks Foundation. WebElsie Lacks -Henrietta's second born -institutionalized for epilepsy -treated poorly in hospital -died at fifteen Loretta Pleasent Henrietta's birth name Chester Southam -Mixed saline Explain your answer. Summarize the events in Deborahs life leading up to her initial contact with Rebecca Skloot.